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Ecosystem model
An ecosystem model is an abstract, usually mathematical, representation of an ecological system (ranging in scale from an individual population, to an ecological community, or even an entire biome), which is studied to gain understanding of the real system.
Using data gathered from the field, ecological relationships — such as the relation of sunlight and water availability to photosynthetic rate, or that between predator and prey populations — are derived, and these are combined to form ecosystem models. These model systems are then studied in order to make predictions about the dynamics of the real system. Often, the study of inaccuracies in the model (when compared to empirical observations) will lead to the generation of hypotheses about possible ecological relations that are not yet known or well understood. Models enable researchers to simulate large-scale experiments that would be too costly or unethical to perform on a real ecosystem. They also enable the simulation of ecological processes over very long periods of time (i.e. simulating a process that takes centuries in reality, can be done in a matter of minutes in a computer model).〔Hall & Day, 1990: pp. 13-14〕
Ecosystem models have applications in a wide variety of disciplines, such as natural resource management, ecotoxicology and environmental health, agriculture, and wildlife conservation. It has also been applied to archaeology with varying degrees of success, through attempts to combine ecological models and archaeological models to explain mobility, diversity, etc. of stone tools 〔Marwick, Ben. Multiple Optima in Hoabinhian flaked stone artefact palaeoeconomics and palaeoecology at two archaeological sites in Northwest Thailand. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 32.4 (2013): 553-564.〕
==Types of models==
There are two major types of ecological models, which are generally applied to different types of problems: (1) ''analytic'' models and (2) ''simulation''/''computational'' models. Analytic models are often more complex mathematically, and work best when dealing with relatively simple (often linear) systems, specifically those that can be accurately described by a set of mathematical equations whose behavior is well known. Simulation models on the other hand, use numerical techniques to solve problems for which analytic solutions are impractical or impossible. Simulation models tend to be more widely used, and are generally considered more ecologically realistic, while analytic models are valued for their mathematical elegance and explanatory power. Ecopath is a powerful software system which uses simulation and computational methods to model marine ecosystems. It is widely used by marine and fisheries scientists as a tool for modelling and visualising the complex relationships that exist in real world marine ecosystems.〔Pauly D, Christensen V, and Walters C (2000) (Ecopath, Ecosim, and Ecospace as tools for evaluating ecosystem impact of fisheries ) ''ICES Journal of Marine Science'', 57: 697–706. 〕〔Christensen V and Walters C (2004) (Ecopath with Ecosim: methods, capabilities and limitations ) ''Ecological modelling'', 172: 109–139.〕〔Christensen V (2009) ( "The future of Ecopath" ) In: Palomares, MLD, Morissette L, Cisneros-Montemayor A, Varkey D, Coll M, Piroddi C (Eds), ''Ecopath 25 Years Conference Proceedings: Extended Abstracts'', Fisheries Centre Research Reports 17(3): 159–160. University of British Columbia.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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